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|
Substance | Formula | Phase | Csp (J/goC) |
---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | Al | solid | 0.900 |
Cadmium | Cd | solid | 0.232 |
Chromium | Cr | solid | 0.448 |
Copper | Cu | solid | 0.385 |
Diamond | C | solid | 0.519 |
Gold | Au | solid | 0.129 |
Graphite | C | solid | 0.711 |
Helium | He | gas | 5.19 |
Hydrogen | H2 | gas | 14.3 |
Iodine | I2 | solid | 0.427 |
Iron | Fe | solid | 0.444 |
Krypton | Kr | gas | 0.247 |
Lead | Pb | solid | 0.159 |
Magnesium | Mg | solid | 1.02 |
Mercury | Hg | liquid | 0.138 |
Neon | Ne | gas | 1.03 |
Nickel | Ni | solid | 0.444 |
Nitrogen | N2 | gas | 1.04 |
Oxygen | O2 | gas | 0.916 |
Platinum | Pt | solid | 0.133 |
Silicon | Si | solid | 0.703 |
Silver | Ag | solid | 0.237 |
Sulfur | S | solid | 0.732 |
Tin | Sn | solid | 0.213 |
Titanium | Ti | solid | 0.523 |
Tungsten | W | solid | 0.133 |
Uranium | U | solid | 0.115 |
Water | H2O | liquid | 4.184 |
Xenon | Xe | gas | 0.158 |
Zinc | Zn | solid | 0.388 |
H | C | N | O | F | Si | P | S | Cl | Br | I | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Double Bonds (kJ/mol) |
Triple Bonds (kJ/mol) |
||
---|---|---|---|
C=C |
602
|
C≡C |
835
|
O=O |
498
|
||
C=O |
732
|
C≡O |
1072
|
N=O |
607
|
||
N=N |
418
|
N≡N |
945
|
C=N |
615
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C≡N |
887
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Aluminum, Barium, Beryllium, Bromine, Cadmium, Calcium, Carbon, Chlorine, Chromium, Copper, Fluorine, Hydrogen, Iodine, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Silver, Sodium, Sulfur, Tin, Titanium, Uranium, Xenon, Zinc
Aluminum | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Al (s)
|
0
|
0
|
28.3
|
AlCl3 (s)
|
-704.2
|
-628.8
|
110.7
|
Al2O3 (s)
|
-1675.7
|
-1582.3
|
50.9
|
Al(OH)3 (s)
|
-1277.0
|
Barium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Ba (s)
|
0
|
0
|
67.0
|
BaCl2 (s)
|
-858.6
|
-810.4
|
123.7
|
BaCO3 (s)
|
-1219.0
|
-1139.0
|
112.0
|
BaO (s)
|
-553.5
|
-525.1
|
70.4
|
Ba(OH)2 (s)
|
-946.0
|
||
BaSO4 (s)
|
-1473.2
|
-1362.2
|
132.2
|
Beryllium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Be (s)
|
0
|
0
|
9.5
|
BeO (s)
|
-599.0
|
-569.0
|
14.0
|
Be(OH)2 (s)
|
-902.5
|
-815.0
|
51.9
|
Bromine | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Br (g)
|
111.9
|
82.4
|
175.0
|
Br2 (l)
|
0
|
0
|
152.2
|
Br2 (g)
|
30.9
|
3.1
|
245.5
|
Br2 (aq)
|
-3.0
|
4.0
|
130.0
|
Br- (aq)
|
-121.0
|
-175.0
|
82.0
|
BrF3 (g)
|
-255.6
|
-229.4
|
292.5
|
HBr (g)
|
-36.3
|
-53.5
|
198.7
|
Cadmium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Cd (s)
|
0
|
0
|
52.0
|
CdO (s)
|
-258.0
|
-228.0
|
55.0
|
Cd(OH)2 (s)
|
-561.0
|
-474.0
|
96.0
|
CdS (s)
|
-162.0
|
-156.0
|
65.0
|
CdSO4 (s)
|
-935.0
|
-823.0
|
123.0
|
Calcium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Ca (s)
|
0
|
0
|
41.4
|
Ca (g)
|
178.2
|
144.3
|
158.9
|
Ca2+ (g)
|
1925.9
|
||
CaC2 (s)
|
-59.8
|
-64.9
|
70.0
|
CaCO3 (s, calcite)
|
-1206.9
|
-1128.8
|
92.9
|
CaCl2 (s)
|
-795.8
|
-748.1
|
104.6
|
CaF2 (s)
|
-1219.6
|
-1167.3
|
68.9
|
CaH2 (s)
|
-186.2
|
-147.2
|
42.0
|
CaO (s)
|
-635.1
|
-604.0
|
39.8
|
CaS (s)
|
-482.4
|
-477.4
|
56.5
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Ca(OH)2 (s)
|
-986.1
|
-898.5
|
83.4
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Ca(OH)2 (aq)
|
-1002.8
|
-868.1
|
-74.5
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Ca3(PO4)2 (s)
|
-4126.0
|
-3890.0
|
241.0
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CaSO4 (s)
|
-1434.1
|
-1321.8
|
106.7
|
CaSiO3 (s)
|
-1630.0
|
-1550.0
|
84.0
|
Carbon | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
C (s, graphite)
|
0
|
0
|
5.7
|
C (s, diamond)
|
1.9
|
2.9
|
2.4
|
C (g)
|
716.7
|
671.3
|
158.1
|
CCl4 (l)
|
-135.4
|
-65.2
|
216.4
|
CCl4 (g)
|
-102.9
|
-60.6
|
309.9
|
CHCl3 (l)
|
-134.5
|
-73.7
|
201.7
|
CHCl3 (g)
|
-103.1
|
-70.3
|
295.7
|
CH4 (g)
|
-74.8
|
-50.7
|
186.3
|
CH3OH (g)
|
-200.7
|
-162.0
|
239.8
|
CH3OH (l)
|
-238.7
|
-166.3
|
126.8
|
H2CO (g)
|
-116.0
|
-110.0
|
219.0
|
HCOOH (g)
|
-363.0
|
-351.0
|
249.0
|
HCN (g)
|
135.1
|
125.0
|
202.0
|
C2H2 (g)
|
226.7
|
209.2
|
200.9
|
C2H4 (g)
|
52.3
|
68.2
|
219.6
|
CH3CHO (g, acetaldehyde)
|
-166.0
|
-129.0
|
250.0
|
C2H4O (g, ethylene oxide)
|
-53.0
|
-13.0
|
242.0
|
CH3CH2OH (l)
|
-277.7
|
-174.8
|
160.7
|
CH3CH2OH (g)
|
-235.1
|
-168.5
|
282.7
|
CH3COOH (l)
|
-484.0
|
-389.0
|
160.0
|
C2H6 (g)
|
-84.7
|
-32.8
|
229.6
|
C3H6 (g)
|
20.9
|
62.7
|
266.9
|
C3H8 (g)
|
-103.8
|
-23.5
|
269.9
|
CH2=CHCN (l)
|
152.0
|
190.0
|
274.0
|
C6H6 (l)
|
49.0
|
124.5
|
172.8
|
C6H12O6 (s)
|
-1275.0
|
-911.0
|
212.0
|
CO (g)
|
-110.5
|
-137.2
|
197.7
|
CO2 (g)
|
-393.5
|
-394.4
|
213.7
|
CS2 (g)
|
117.4
|
67.1
|
237.8
|
COCl2 (g)
|
-218.8
|
-204.6
|
283.5
|
Chlorine | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Cl (g)
|
121.7
|
105.7
|
165.2
|
Cl2 (g)
|
0
|
0
|
223.1
|
Cl2 (aq)
|
-23.0
|
7.0
|
121.0
|
Cl- (aq)
|
-167.0
|
-131.0
|
57.0
|
Cl- (g)
|
-233.1
|
||
HCl (g)
|
-92.3
|
-95.3
|
186.9
|
HCl (aq)
|
-167.2
|
-131.2
|
56.5
|
Chromium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Cr (s)
|
0
|
0
|
23.8
|
Cr2O3 (s)
|
-1139.7
|
-1058.1
|
81.2
|
CrO3 (s)
|
-579.0
|
-502.0
|
72.0
|
CrCl3 (s)
|
-556.5
|
-486.1
|
123.0
|
Copper | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Cu (s)
|
0
|
0
|
33.2
|
CuCl2 (s)
|
-220.1
|
-175.7
|
108.1
|
CuCO3 (s)
|
-595.0
|
-518.0
|
88.0
|
Cu2O (s)
|
-170.0
|
-148.0
|
93.0
|
CuO (s)
|
-157.3
|
-129.7
|
42.6
|
Cu(OH)2 (s)
|
-450.0
|
-372.0
|
108.0
|
CuS (s)
|
-49.0
|
-49.0
|
67.0
|
Fluorine | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
F2 (g)
|
0
|
0
|
202.8
|
F (g)
|
79.0
|
61.9
|
158.8
|
F- (g)
|
-255.4
|
||
F- (aq)
|
-332.6
|
-278.8
|
-13.8
|
HF (g)
|
-271.1
|
-273.2
|
173.8
|
HF (aq)
|
-332.6
|
-278.8
|
88.7
|
Hydrogen | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
H2 (g)
|
0
|
0
|
130.7
|
H (g)
|
218.0
|
203.2
|
114.7
|
H+ (aq)
|
1536.2
|
||
OH- (aq)
|
-230.0
|
-157.0
|
-11.0
|
H2O (l)
|
-285.8
|
-237.1
|
69.9
|
H2O (g)
|
-241.8
|
-228.6
|
188.8
|
H2O2 (l)
|
-187.8
|
-120.4
|
109.6
|
Iodine | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
I2 (s)
|
0
|
0
|
116.1
|
I2 (g)
|
62.4
|
19.3
|
260.7
|
I2 (aq)
|
23.0
|
16.0
|
137
|
I (g)
|
106.8
|
70.3
|
180.8
|
I- (g)
|
-197.0
|
||
I- (aq)
|
-55.0
|
-52.0
|
106.0
|
ICl (g)
|
17.8
|
-5.5
|
247.6
|
Iron | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Fe (s)
|
0
|
0
|
27.8
|
Fe3C (s)
|
21.0
|
15.0
|
108.0
|
FeCl2 (s)
|
-341.8
|
-302.3
|
118.0
|
FeCl3 (s)
|
-399.5
|
-333.9
|
142.3
|
Fe0.95O (s) (wustite)
|
-264.0
|
-240.0
|
59.0
|
FeO (s)
|
-272.0
|
||
Fe3O4 (s, magnetite)
|
-1118.4
|
-1015.4
|
146.4
|
Fe2O3 (s, hematite)
|
-824.2
|
-742.2
|
87.4
|
FeS (s)
|
-95.0
|
-97.0
|
67.0
|
FeS2 (s, pyrite)
|
-178.2
|
-166.9
|
52.9
|
FeSO4 (s)
|
-929.0
|
-825.0
|
121.0
|
Fe(CO)5 (l)
|
-774.0
|
-705.3
|
338.1
|
Lead | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Pb (s)
|
0
|
0
|
64.8
|
PbCl2 (s)
|
-359.4
|
-314.1
|
136.0
|
PbO (s, yellow)
|
-217.3
|
-187.9
|
68.7
|
PbO2 (s)
|
-277.0
|
-217.0
|
69.0
|
PbS (s)
|
-100.4
|
-98.7
|
91.2
|
PbSO4 (s)
|
-920.0
|
-813.0
|
149.0
|
Magnesium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Mg (s)
|
0
|
0
|
32.7
|
MgCl2 (s)
|
-641.3
|
-591.8
|
89.6
|
MgCO3 (s)
|
-1095.8
|
-1012.1
|
65.7
|
MgO (s)
|
-601.7
|
-569.4
|
26.9
|
Mg(OH)2 (s)
|
-924.5
|
-833.5
|
63.2
|
MgS (s)
|
-346.0
|
-341.8
|
50.3
|
Manganese | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Mn (s)
|
0
|
0
|
32.0
|
MnO (s)
|
-385.0
|
-363.0
|
60.0
|
Mn3O4 (s)
|
-1387.0
|
-1280.0
|
149.0
|
Mn2O3 (s)
|
-971.0
|
-893.0
|
110.0
|
MnO2 (s)
|
-521.0
|
-466.0
|
53.0
|
MnO4- (aq)
|
-543.0
|
-449.0
|
190.0
|
Mercury | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Hg (l)
|
0
|
0
|
75.9
|
HgCl2 (s)
|
-224.3
|
-178.6
|
146.0
|
Hg2Cl2(s)
|
-265.4
|
-210.7
|
191.7 |
HgO (s, red)
|
-90.8
|
-58.5
|
70.3
|
HgS (s, red)
|
-58.2
|
-50.6
|
82.4
|
Nickel | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Ni (s)
|
0
|
0
|
29.9
|
NiCl2 (s)
|
-305.3
|
-259.0
|
97.7
|
NiO (s)
|
-239.7
|
-211.7
|
38.0
|
Ni(OH)2 (s)
|
-538.0
|
-453.0
|
79.0
|
NiS (s)
|
-93.0
|
-90.0
|
53.0
|
Nitrogen | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
N2 (g)
|
0
|
0
|
191.6
|
N (g)
|
472.7
|
455.6
|
153.3
|
NH3 (g)
|
-46.1
|
-16.5
|
192.5
|
NH3 (aq)
|
-80.0
|
-27.0
|
111.0
|
NH4+ (aq)
|
-132.0
|
-79.0
|
113.0
|
NO (g)
|
90.3
|
86.6
|
210.8
|
NOCl (g)
|
51.7
|
66.1
|
261.8
|
NO2 (g)
|
33.2
|
51.3
|
240.1
|
N2O (g)
|
82.1
|
104.2
|
219.9
|
N2O4 (g)
|
9.2
|
97.9
|
304.3
|
N2O4 (l)
|
-20.0
|
97.0
|
209.0
|
N2O5 (s)
|
-42.0
|
134.0
|
178.0
|
N2H4 (l)
|
50.6
|
149.3
|
121.2
|
N2H3CH3 (l)
|
54.0
|
180.0
|
166.0
|
HNO3 (aq)
|
-207.4
|
-111.3
|
146.4
|
HNO3 (l)
|
-174.1
|
-80.7
|
155.6
|
HNO3 (g)
|
-135.1
|
-74.7
|
266.4
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NH4ClO4 (s)
|
-295.0
|
-89.0
|
186.0
|
NH4Cl (s)
|
-314.4
|
-202.9
|
94.6
|
NH4Cl (aq)
|
-299.7
|
-210.5
|
169.9
|
NH4NO3 (s)
|
-365.6
|
-183.9
|
151.1
|
NH4NO3 (aq)
|
-339.9
|
-190.6
|
259.8
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Oxygen | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
O2 (g)
|
0
|
0
|
205.1
|
O (g)
|
249.2
|
231.7
|
161.1
|
O3 (g)
|
142.7
|
163.2
|
238.9
|
Phosphorus | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
P (s, white)
|
0
|
0
|
164.4
|
P (s, red)
|
-70.4
|
-48.4
|
91.2
|
P (s, black)
|
-39.0
|
-33.0
|
23.0
|
P (g)
|
314.6
|
278.3
|
163.2
|
P4 (s, white)
|
0
|
0
|
41.1
|
P4 (s, red)
|
-17.6
|
-12.1
|
22.8
|
P4 (g)
|
59.0
|
24.0
|
280.0
|
PF5 (g)
|
-1578.0
|
-1509.0
|
296.0
|
PH3 (g)
|
5.4
|
13.4
|
210.2
|
PCl3 (g)
|
-287.0
|
-267.8
|
311.8
|
H3PO4 (l)
|
-1279.0
|
-1119.1
|
110.5
|
H3PO4 (aq)
|
-1288.0
|
-1143.0
|
158.0
|
P4O10 (s)
|
-2984.0
|
-2697.7
|
228.9
|
Potassium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
K (s)
|
0
|
0
|
64.2
|
KCl (s)
|
-436.7
|
-409.1
|
82.6
|
KClO3 (s)
|
-397.7
|
-296.3
|
143.1
|
KClO4 (s)
|
-433.0
|
-304.0
|
151.0
|
KI (s)
|
-327.9
|
-324.9
|
106.3
|
K2O (s)
|
-361.0
|
-322.0
|
98.0
|
K2O2 (s)
|
-496.0
|
-430.0
|
113.0
|
KO2 (s)
|
-283.0
|
-238.0
|
117.0
|
KOH (s)
|
-424.8
|
-379.1
|
78.9
|
KOH (aq)
|
-482.4
|
-440.5
|
91.6
|
Silicon | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Si (s)
|
0
|
0
|
18.3
|
SiBr4 (l)
|
-457.3
|
-443.9
|
277.8
|
SiC (s)
|
-65.3
|
-62.8
|
16.6
|
SiCl4 (g)
|
-657.0
|
-617.0
|
330.7
|
SiH4 (g)
|
34.3
|
56.9
|
204.6
|
SiF4 (g)
|
-1614.9
|
-1572.7
|
282.5
|
SiO2 (s, quartz)
|
-910.9
|
-856.6
|
41.8
|
Silver | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Ag (s)
|
0
|
0
|
42.6
|
Ag+ (aq)
|
105.0
|
77.0
|
73.0
|
AgBr (s)
|
-100.0
|
-97.0
|
107.0
|
AgCN (s)
|
146.0
|
164.0
|
84.0
|
AgCl (s)
|
-127.1
|
-109.8
|
96.2
|
Ag2CrO4 (s)
|
-712.0
|
-622.0
|
217.0
|
AgI (s)
|
-62.0
|
-66.0
|
115.0
|
Ag2O (s)
|
-31.1
|
-11.2
|
121.3
|
AgNO3 (s)
|
-124.4
|
-33.4
|
140.9
|
Ag2S (s)
|
-32.0
|
-40.0
|
146.0
|
Sodium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Na (s)
|
0
|
0
|
51.2
|
Na (g)
|
107.3
|
76.8
|
153.7
|
Na+ (g)
|
609.4
|
||
Na+ (aq)
|
-240.0
|
-262.0
|
59.0
|
NaBr (s)
|
-361.0
|
-349.0
|
86.8
|
Na2CO3 (s)
|
-1130.7
|
-1044.4
|
135.0
|
NaHCO3 (s)
|
-948.0
|
-852.0
|
102.0
|
NaCl (s)
|
-411.2
|
-384.1
|
72.1
|
NaCl (g)
|
-176.7
|
-196.7
|
229.8
|
NaCl (aq)
|
-407.3
|
-393.1
|
115.5
|
NaH (s)
|
-56.0
|
-33.0
|
40.0
|
NaI (s)
|
-288.0
|
-282.0
|
91.0
|
NaNO2 (s)
|
-359.0
|
||
NaNO3 (s)
|
-467.0
|
-366.0
|
116.0
|
Na2O (s)
|
-416.0
|
-377.0
|
73.0
|
Na2O2 (s)
|
-515.0
|
-451.0
|
95.0
|
NaOH (s)
|
-425.6
|
-379.5
|
64.5
|
NaOH (aq)
|
-470.1
|
-419.2
|
48.1
|
Sulfur | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
S (s, rhombic)
|
0
|
0
|
31.8
|
S (s, monoclinic)
|
0.3
|
0.1
|
33.0
|
S (g)
|
278.8
|
238.3
|
167.8
|
S2- (aq)
|
33.0
|
86.0
|
-15.0
|
S8 (g)
|
102.0
|
50.0
|
431.0
|
S2Cl2 (g)
|
-18.4
|
-31.8
|
331.5
|
SF6 (g)
|
-1209.0
|
-1105.3
|
291.8
|
H2S (g)
|
-20.6
|
-33.6
|
205.8
|
SO2 (g)
|
-296.8
|
-300.2
|
248.2
|
SO3 (g)
|
-395.7
|
-371.1
|
256.8
|
SOCl2 (g)
|
-212.5
|
-198.3
|
309.8
|
SO42- (aq)
|
-909.0
|
-745.0
|
20.0
|
H2SO4 (l)
|
-814.0
|
-690.0
|
156.9
|
H2SO4 (aq)
|
-909.3
|
-744.5
|
20.1
|
Tin | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Sn (s, white)
|
0
|
0
|
51.6
|
Sn (s, gray)
|
-2.1
|
0.1
|
44.1
|
SnCl4 (l)
|
-511.3
|
-440.1
|
258.6
|
SnCl4 (g)
|
-471.5
|
-432.2
|
365.8
|
SnO (s)
|
-285.0
|
-257.0
|
56.0
|
SnO2 (s)
|
-580.7
|
-519.6
|
52.3
|
Sn(OH)2 (s)
|
-561.0
|
-492.0
|
155.0
|
Titanium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Ti (s)
|
0
|
0
|
30.6
|
TiCl4 (l)
|
-804.2
|
-737.2
|
252.3
|
TiCl4 (g)
|
-763.2
|
-726.7
|
354.9
|
TiO2 (s)
|
-939.7
|
-884.5
|
49.9
|
Uranium | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
U (s)
|
0
|
0
|
50.0
|
UF6 (s)
|
-2137.0
|
-2008.0
|
228.0
|
UF6 (g)
|
-2113.0
|
-2029.0
|
380.0
|
UO2 (s)
|
-1084.0
|
-1029.0
|
78.0
|
U3O8 (s)
|
-3575.0
|
-3393.0
|
282.0
|
UO3 (s)
|
-1230.0
|
-1150.0
|
99.0
|
Xenon | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Xe (g)
|
0
|
0
|
170.0
|
XeF2 (g)
|
-108.0
|
-48.0
|
254.0
|
XeF4 (s)
|
-251.0
|
-121.0
|
146.0
|
XeF6 (g)
|
-294.0
|
||
XeO3 (s)
|
402.0
|
Zinc | ΔHof (kJ/mol) | ΔGof (kJ/mol) | So (J/mol K) |
---|---|---|---|
Zn (s)
|
0
|
0
|
41.6
|
ZnCl2 (s)
|
-415.1
|
-369.4
|
111.5
|
ZnO (s)
|
-348.3
|
-318.3
|
43.6
|
Zn(OH)2 (s)
|
-642.0
|
||
ZnS (s, wurtzite)
|
-193.0
|
||
ZnS (s, zinc blende)
|
-206.0
|
-201.3
|
57.7
|
ZnSO4 (s)
|
-983.0
|
-874.0
|
120.0
|
Type | Formula | Ksp |
---|---|---|
Bromides | PbBr2 | 6.3 x 10-6 |
AgBr | 3.3 x 10-13 | |
Carbonates | BaCO3 | 8.1 x 10-9 |
CaCO3 | 3.8 x 10-9 | |
CoCO3 | 8.0 x 10-13 | |
CuCO3 | 2.5 x 10-10 | |
FeCO3 | 3.5 x 10-11 | |
PbCO3 | 1.5 x 10-13 | |
MgCO3 | 4.0 x 10-5 | |
MnCO3 | 1.8 x 10-11 | |
NiCO3 | 6.6 x 10-9 | |
Ag2CO3 | 8.1 x 10-12 | |
ZnCO3 | 1.5 x 10-11 | |
Chlorides | PbCl2 | 1.7 x 10-5 |
AgCl | 1.8 x 10-10 | |
Chromates | BaCrO4 | 2.0 x 10-10 |
CaCrO4 | 7.1 x 10-4 | |
PbCrO4 | 1.8 x 10-14 | |
Ag2CrO4 | 9.0 x 10-12 | |
Cyanides | Ni(CN)2 | 3.0 x 10-23 |
AgCN | 1.2 x 10-16 | |
Zn(CN)2 | 8.0 x 10-12 | |
Fluorides | BaF2 | 1.7 x 10-6 |
CaF2 | 3.9 x 10-11 | |
PbF2 | 3.7 x 10-8 | |
MgF2 | 6.4 x 10-9 | |
Hydroxides | AgOH | 2.0 x 10-8 |
Al(OH)3 | 1.9 x 10-33 | |
Ca(OH)2 | 7.9 x 10-6 | |
Cr(OH)3 | 6.7 x 10-31 | |
Co(OH)2 | 2.5 x 10-16 | |
Cu(OH)2 | 1.6 x 10-19 | |
Fe(OH)2 | 7.9 x 10-15 | |
Fe(OH)3 | 6.3 x 10-38 | |
Pb(OH)2 | 2.8 x 10-16 | |
Mg(OH)2 | 1.5 x 10-11 | |
Mn(OH)2 | 4.6 x 10-14 | |
Ni(OH)2 | 2.8 x 10-16 | |
Zn(OH)2 | 4.5 x 10-17 | |
Iodides | PbI2 | 8.7 x 10-9 |
AgI | 1.5 x 10-16 | |
Oxalates | BaC2O4 | 1.1 x 10-7 |
CaC2O4 | 2.3 x 10-9 | |
MgC2O4 | 8.6 x 10-5 | |
Phosphates | AlPO4 | 1.3 x 10-20 |
Ba3(PO4)2 | 1.3 x 10-29 | |
Ca3(PO4)2 | 1.0 x 10-25 | |
CrPO4 | 2.4 x 10-23 | |
Pb3(PO4)2 | 3.0 x 10-44 | |
Ag3PO4 | 1.3 x 10-20 | |
Zn3(PO4)2 | 9.1 x 10-33 | |
Sulfates | BaSO4 | 1.1 x 10-10 |
CaSO4 | 2.4 x 10-5 | |
PbSO4 | 1.8 x 10-8 | |
Ag2SO4 | 1.7 x 10-5 | |
Sulfides | CaS | 8 x 10-6 |
CoS | 5.9 x 10-21 | |
CuS | 7.9 x 10-37 | |
FeS | 4.9 x 10-18 | |
Fe2S3 | 1.4 x 10-88 | |
PbS | 3.2 x 10-28 | |
MnS | 5.1 x 10-15 | |
NiS | 3.0 x 10-21 | |
Ag2S | 1.0 x 10-49 | |
ZnS | 2.0 x 10-25 | |
Sulfites | BaSO3 | 8.0 x 10-7 |
CaSO3 | 1.3 x 10-8 | |
Ag2SO3 | 1.5 x 10-14 |
Acid |
Formula |
Ka1 |
Ka2 |
Ka3 |
Acetic acid |
CH3COOH |
1.8x10-5 |
|
|
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) |
HC9H7O4 |
3.0x10-4 |
|
|
Aluminum ion |
Al(H2O)43+ |
1.2x10-5 |
|
|
Arsenic acid |
H3AsO4 |
2.5x10-4 |
5.6x10-8 |
3.0x10-13 |
Ascorbic acid |
H2C6H6O6 |
7.9x10-5 |
1.6x10-12 |
|
Benzoic acid |
C6H5COOH |
6.3x10-5 |
|
|
Carbonic acid |
H2CO3 |
4.2x10-7 |
4.8x10-11 |
|
Ferric ion |
Fe(H2O)63+ |
4.0x10-3 |
|
|
Formic acid |
HCOOH |
1.8x10-4 |
|
|
Hydrocyanic acid |
HCN |
4.0x10-10 |
|
|
Hydrofluoric acid |
HF |
7.2x10-4 |
|
|
Hydrogen peroxide |
H2O2 |
2.4x10-12 |
|
|
Hydrosulfuric acid |
H2S |
1.0x10-7 |
1.0x10-19 |
|
Hypochlorous acid |
HClO |
3.5x10-8 |
|
|
Nitrous acid |
HNO2 |
4.5x10-4 |
|
|
Oxalic acid |
H2C2O4 |
5.9x10-2 |
6.4x10-5 |
|
Phenol |
C6H5OH |
1.0x10-10 |
|
|
Phosphoric acid |
H3PO4 |
7.5x10-3 |
6.2x10-8 |
3.6x10-13 |
Sulfuric acid |
H2SO4 |
very large |
1.2x10-2 |
|
Sulfurous acid |
H2SO3 |
1.7x10-2 |
6.4x10-8 |
|
Zinc ion |
Zn(H2O)42+ |
2.5x10-10 |
|
|
Base |
Formula |
Kb |
|
|
Ammonia |
NH3 |
1.8x10-5 |
|
|
Aniline |
C6H5NH2 |
7.4x10-10 |
|
|
Caffeine |
C8H10N4O2 |
4.1x10-4 |
|
|
Codeine |
C18H21O3N |
8.9x10-7 |
|
|
Diethylamine |
(C2H5)2NH |
6.9x10-4 |
|
|
Dimethylamine |
(CH3)2NH |
5.9x10-4 |
|
|
Ethylamine |
C2H5NH2 |
4.3x10-4 |
|
|
Hydroxylamine |
NH2OH |
9.1x10-9 |
|
|
Isoquinoline |
C9H7N |
2.5x10-9 |
|
|
Methylamine |
CH3NH2 |
4.2x10-4 |
|
|
Morphine |
C17H19O3N |
7.4x10-7 |
|
|
Piperidine |
C5H11N |
1.3x10-3 |
|
|
Pyridine |
C5H5N |
1.5x10-9 |
|
|
Quinoline |
C9H7N |
6.3x10-10 |
|
|
Triethanolamine |
C6H15O3N |
5.8x10-7 |
|
|
Triethylamine |
(C2H5)3N |
5.2x10-4 |
|
|
Trimethylamine |
(CH3)3N |
6.3x10-5 |
|
|
Urea |
N2H4CO |
1.5x10-14 |
|
|
Half-Cell Reaction | Eo (volts) |
---|---|
F2 + 2e ---> 2F- | 2.87 |
Ce4+ + e ---> Ce3+ | 1.61 |
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e ---> Mn2+ + 4H2O | 1.51 |
Cl2 + 2e ---> 2Cl- | 1.36 |
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e ---> 2Cr3+ + 7H2O | 1.33 |
O2 + 4H+ + 4e ---> 2H2O | 1.229 |
Br2 + 2e ---> 2Br- | 1.08 |
NO3- + 4H+ + 3e ---> NO + 2H2O | 0.96 |
2Hg2+ + 2e ---> Hg22+ | 0.920 |
Hg2+ + 2e ---> Hg | 0.855 |
O2 + 4H+ (10-7 M) + 4e ---> 2H2O | 0.82 |
Ag+ + e ---> Ag | 0.799 |
Hg22+ + 2e ---> 2Hg | 0.789 |
Fe3+ + e ---> Fe2+ | 0.771 |
I2 + 2e ---> 2I- | 0.535 |
Fe(CN)63- + e ---> Fe(CN)44- | 0.48 |
Cu2+ + 2e ---> Cu | 0.337 |
Cu2+ + e ---> Cu+ | 0.153 |
S + 2H+ + 2e ---> H2S | 0.14 |
2H+ + 2e ---> H2 | 0.0000 |
Pb2+ + 2e ---> Pb | -0.126 |
Sn2+ + 2e ---> Sn | -0.14 |
Ni2+ + 2e ---> Ni | -0.25 |
Co2+ + 2e ---> Co | -0.28 |
Cd2+ + 2e ---> Cd | -0.403 |
Cr3+ + e ---> Cr2+ | -0.41 |
2H2O + 2e ---> H2 + 2OH- (10-7 M) | -0.41 |
Fe2+ + 2e ---> Fe | -0.44 |
Cr3+ + 3e ---> Cr | -0.74 |
Zn2+ + 2e ---> Zn | -0.763 |
2H2O + 2e ---> H2 + 2OH- | -0.83 |
Mn2+ + 2e ---> Mn | -1.18 |
Al3+ + 3e ---> Al | -1.66 |
Mg2+ + 2e ---> Mg | -2.37 |
Na+ + e ---> Na | -2.714 |
K+ + e ---> K | -2.925 |
Li+ + e ---> Li | -3.045 |
To Write a Chemical Formula in OWL
Enclose subscripts
with underscores _. |
Enclose superscripts
with carats ^. |
The underscore key is next to the number zero on
the keyboard. |
The carat key is the number six on the keyboard. |
H_2_O = H2O |
Cr^3+^ = Cr3+ |
Combined:
SO_4_^2&minus^ = SO42&minus |
Ions |
Unit Charge Ions |
Write the number first and then the charge. |
Do not include the number one in unit charge ions. |
N^3−^ = N3&minus
|
Na^+^ = Na+
|
Using the Chemical Formula Input
The
chemical formula input box displays the superscripts and subscipts as you enter
the formula. There are 3 ways to use the input box.
· Keyboard: Use the keyboard to
enter underscores and carats on your own.
· Buttons after: Enter the formula
without underscores or carats, then highlight each superscript and/or
subscript, click the appropriate subscript or superscript button, and the
underscores or carats will be filled in automatically.
· Button during: Use the subscript or
superscript buttons to enter the underscores and carats while you type the
formula.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION IN OWL
OWL uses a similar format to the "EE" or
"EXP" format found on most calculators. |
|
|
6.02 x 1023 should be entered as 6.02E23 |
|
Where "E23" represents "x 1023" |
DO NOT confuse SCIENTIFIC NOTATION with entering SUPERSCRIPTS! |
||
|
Use"E" notation for NUMERICAL VALUES. |
6.02E23 This is a numerical value. |
|
Use "carat" notation for TEXT input. |
Cu^2+^ This is text. |
Examples:
Number to Enter |
OWL Format |
Calculator Format |
6.02 x 1023 |
6.02E23 |
6.02 EE 23 or |
0.000000454 |
4.54E-7 |
4.54 EE -7 or |
Note:
Also do not confuse this notation with the irrational number "e" =
2.718282 which forms the base for the natural log, ln.
On
calculators this is usually the ex or inv ln key.